JEE Main · Physics · Thermodynamics
Heat Engines and Refrigerators: JEE Main previous year questions
22 questions in the 108 JEE Main shifts Lumi analysed, in 4 of 8 years. Pattern: Gone quiet. 0 came in 2024–26. Here is how it is asked and which ideas come back.
- Questions
- 22
- in 22 of 108 shifts
- Years asked
- 4/8
- last asked 2023
- Since 2024
- Quiet
- 0 questions in 2024–26
- Weighted estimate
- –
- history: 0.1 a shift on average, typically 0.0–0.3
Key findings
- 01
Asked in 4 of 8 years with analysed shifts and in 22 of 108 shifts: 22 questions, #135 of 196 topics. Last asked in 2023.
- 02
64% of its questions since 2020 tested an idea no earlier year had asked; 8 repeated an idea from the year before.
- 03
The most repeated idea is Carnot Efficiency Limit, asked 15 times in 15 shifts (2021, 2022, 2023), most often as “sink temperature from efficiency”.
- 04
JEE Main has asked 8 of the 56 ideas in this topic; 46 have never been asked, directly or inside another question.
- 05
Mostly asked as single correct (64%); 27% need a numerical answer, 64% are easy and 0% hard. It went down from 0.2 to 0.0 questions a shift since 2024.
- 06
The skill tested most is calculation (77%), then multi-step (14%).
Questions a shift, year by year
Out of the 25 Physics questions in a shift. Years differ in how many shifts Lumi analysed, so each year is scaled to one shift.
Raw count: 2017: 0 in 1 shift · 2020: 4 in 12 shifts · 2021: 8 in 24 shifts · 2022: 8 in 24 shifts · 2023: 2 in 12 shifts · 2024: 0 in 18 shifts · 2025: 0 in 8 shifts · 2026: 0 in 9 shifts.
- Up to 2023
- 0.2
- a shift, of 25
- Since 2024
- 0.0
- -0.2
- Usual gap
- 1.0 yrs
- between years asking it
- Shifts with it
- 22/108
- 20% of analysed shifts
How it is asked
Difficulty, format and skill
Across all 22 questions on Heat Engines and Refrigerators since 2017.
Difficulty
QUESTIONS- Easy14 · 64%
- Medium8 · 36%
- Hard0 · 0%
Format
SHARE- Single correct · 14 Q64%
- Numerical value · 6 Q27%
- Other · 1 Q5%
- Diagram based · 1 Q5%
Skill tested
SHARE- Calculation · 17 Q77%
- Multi-step · 3 Q14%
- Conceptual · 2 Q9%
Repeats
New idea, or one asked before?
Each column is a year. Blue questions tested an idea no earlier year had asked; navy ones went back to an idea from an earlier year. 2017 is the first year, so everything in it counts as new. Heights are question counts, and Lumi analysed 1 to 24 shifts a year, so compare the split inside a column rather than heights across years.
- Idea asked for the first time
- Idea asked in an earlier year
Coverage of the topic
JEE Main has asked 8 of the 56 ideas in this topic. 46 have never been asked yet.
- Asked directly8 · 14%
- Touched inside another question2 · 4%
- Never asked46 · 82%
Ideas come from Lumi’s JEE syllabus map. A never-asked idea is not a safe skip: across all of JEE Main, 22% of questions since 2024 tested an idea no earlier year had asked.
Drill down
Idea, year, question
Every idea JEE Main tested in this topic, with its eight years. Open one to read the questions.
- 8 Apr ’23 S2 · Q34Work done by a Carnot engine operating between temperatures C and C is 2 kJ. The amount of heat transferred to the…
easySingle correctAsked the year before
- 12 Apr ’23 S1 · Q38An engine operating between the boiling and freezing points of water will have A. efficiency more than 27%. B. efficiency less than the…
mediumOtherAsked the year before
- 25 Jul ’22 S2 · Q45Let is the efficiency of an engine at = 447°C and = 147°C while is the efficiency at…
easySingle correctAsked the year before
- 28 Jul ’22 S1 · Q37A Carnot engine has efficiency of 50%. If the temperature of sink is reduced by C, its efficiency increases by 30%. The…
mediumSingle correctAsked the year before
- 30 Jul ’22 S2 · Q7A Carnot engine is operating between the two reservoirs of temperature 227 C and 127 C respectively. If the engine…
easySingle correctAsked the year before
- 24 Jun ’22 S1 · Q47A Carnot engine whose heat sinks at C, has an efficiency of 25%. By how many degrees should the temperature of the source be…
mediumSingle correctAsked the year before
- 24 Jun ’22 S2 · Q35A Carnot engine takes 5000 kcal of heat from a reservoir at and gives heat to a sink at . The work done by…
easySingle correctAsked the year before
- 26 Jun ’22 S1 · Q37The efficiency of a Carnot's engine, working between steam point and ice point, will be :
easySingle correctAsked the year before
- 3 Aug ’21 S1 · Q5A carnot engine working at source temperature 400 , takes 500 heat from the source and rejects 300 to sink. What is the…
easySingle correctNew idea
- 27 Aug ’21 S2 · Q26A heat engine operates between a cold reservoir at temperature K and a hot reservoir at temperature . It takes 300 J of…
easyNumerical valueNew idea
- 31 Aug ’21 S1 · Q15A reversible engine has an efficiency of . If the temperature of the sink is reduced by C, its efficiency becomes…
mediumSingle correctNew idea
- 25 Feb ’21 S2 · Q25A reversible heat engine converts one-fourth of the heat input into work. When the temperature of the sink is reduced by 52 K, its…
mediumNumerical valueNew idea
- 25 Jul ’21 S2 · Q9A heat engine has an efficiency of . When the temperature of sink is reduced by 62°C, its efficiency get doubled. The…
mediumSingle correctNew idea
- 16 Mar ’21 S2 · Q26For an ideal heat engine, the temperature of the source is C. In order to have 60% efficiency the temperature of the sink…
easyNumerical valueNew idea
- 17 Mar ’21 S1 · Q3A Carnot's engine working between 400 K and 800 K has a work output of 1200 J per cycle. The amount of heat energy supplied to the engine…
easySingle correctNew idea
- 8 Apr ’23 S2 · Q34
Squares are the 8 years with analysed shifts, 2017 to 2026. A number is the questions that year when there is more than one; the shade is scaled to one shift, so a year with more analysed shifts (1 to 24 a year) does not look darker. Share is of the level above.
Ideas
Every idea inside this topic
8 different ideas were tested; 1 came more than once.
sink temperature from efficiency
Single correct · 15 shifts · 3 numericalefficiency of carnot engines in series
Diagram based · 1 shiftsink temperature from heats and source
Numerical value · 1 shift · 1 numericalheat transferred by refrigerator from power and temperatures
Single correct · 1 shiftheat released by minimum-work refrigerator
Numerical value · 1 shift · 1 numericalheat absorbed by carnot refrigerator from engine efficiency
Single correct · 1 shiftunknown heat from engine efficiency
Single correct · 1 shiftefficiency of engine cycle from p-v diagram
Numerical value · 1 shift · 1 numerical
| Idea | Years asked | Times | Shifts | Format | Numerical |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carnot Efficiency Limitsink temperature from efficiency | 15 | 15 | Single correctCalculation | 3 | |
| Carnot Engines in Seriesefficiency of carnot engines in series | 1 | 1 | Diagram basedConceptual | – | |
| Carnot Heat-Temperature Ratiosink temperature from heats and source | 1 | 1 | Numerical valueCalculation | 1 | |
| Refrigerator COPheat transferred by refrigerator from power and temperatures | 1 | 1 | Single correctCalculation | – | |
| Carnot Refrigerator COP via Temperaturesheat released by minimum-work refrigerator | 1 | 1 | Numerical valueMulti-step | 1 | |
| Efficiency and COP Conversionheat absorbed by carnot refrigerator from engine efficiency | 1 | 1 | Single correctCalculation | – | |
| Heat Engine Efficiencyunknown heat from engine efficiency | 1 | 1 | Single correctCalculation | – | |
| Non-Carnot Cycle Efficiencyefficiency of engine cycle from p-v diagram | 1 | 1 | Numerical valueMulti-step | 1 |
Times and shifts count every analysed shift. Across JEE Main, 78% of questions since 2024 went back to an idea an earlier year had asked; the rest were new. All repeated ideas
Every question
Heat Engines and Refrigerators questions, year by year
The opening words of each question as it appeared in the official paper, with the idea it tested. Open one for its options and the official answer.
JEE Main 20232 questions in 2 shifts
- 8 Apr, Shift 2Q34Work done by a Carnot engine operating between temperatures C and C is 2 kJ. The amount of heat transferred to the…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
Asked the year beforeEasySingle correct - 12 Apr, Shift 1Q38An engine operating between the boiling and freezing points of water will have A. efficiency more than 27%. B. efficiency less than the…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
Asked the year beforeMediumOther
JEE Main 20228 questions in 8 shifts
- 25 Jul, Shift 2Q45Let is the efficiency of an engine at = 447°C and = 147°C while is the efficiency at…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
Asked the year beforeEasySingle correct - 27 Jul, Shift 2Q38In 1 case, Carnot engine operates between temperatures 300 K and 100 K. In 2 case, as shown in the figure, a combination of…
Idea: Carnot Engines in Series
New ideaEasyDiagram based · figure - 28 Jul, Shift 1Q37A Carnot engine has efficiency of 50%. If the temperature of sink is reduced by C, its efficiency increases by 30%. The…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
Asked the year beforeMediumSingle correct - 30 Jul, Shift 2Q7A Carnot engine is operating between the two reservoirs of temperature 227 C and 127 C respectively. If the engine…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
Asked the year beforeEasySingle correct - 24 Jun, Shift 1Q47A Carnot engine whose heat sinks at C, has an efficiency of 25%. By how many degrees should the temperature of the source be…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
Asked the year beforeMediumSingle correct - 24 Jun, Shift 2Q35A Carnot engine takes 5000 kcal of heat from a reservoir at and gives heat to a sink at . The work done by…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
Asked the year beforeEasySingle correct - 26 Jun, Shift 1Q37The efficiency of a Carnot's engine, working between steam point and ice point, will be :
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
Asked the year beforeEasySingle correct - 29 Jun, Shift 1Q56300 cal. of heat is given to a heat engine and it rejects 225 cal. of heat. If source temperature is , then the…
Idea: Carnot Heat-Temperature Ratio
New ideaEasyNumerical value
JEE Main 20218 questions in 8 shifts
- 3 Aug, Shift 1Q5A carnot engine working at source temperature 400 , takes 500 heat from the source and rejects 300 to sink. What is the…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
New ideaEasySingle correct - 26 Aug, Shift 2Q14A refrigerator consumes an average 35 W power to operate between temperature C to C. If there is no loss of energy…
Idea: Refrigerator COP
New ideaEasySingle correct - 27 Aug, Shift 2Q26A heat engine operates between a cold reservoir at temperature K and a hot reservoir at temperature . It takes 300 J of…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
New ideaEasyNumerical value - 31 Aug, Shift 1Q15A reversible engine has an efficiency of . If the temperature of the sink is reduced by C, its efficiency becomes…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
New ideaMediumSingle correct - 25 Feb, Shift 2Q25A reversible heat engine converts one-fourth of the heat input into work. When the temperature of the sink is reduced by 52 K, its…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
New ideaMediumNumerical value - 25 Jul, Shift 2Q9A heat engine has an efficiency of . When the temperature of sink is reduced by 62°C, its efficiency get doubled. The…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
New ideaMediumSingle correct - 16 Mar, Shift 2Q26For an ideal heat engine, the temperature of the source is C. In order to have 60% efficiency the temperature of the sink…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
New ideaEasyNumerical value - 17 Mar, Shift 1Q3A Carnot's engine working between 400 K and 800 K has a work output of 1200 J per cycle. The amount of heat energy supplied to the engine…
Idea: Carnot Efficiency Limit
New ideaEasySingle correct
JEE Main 20204 questions in 4 shifts
- 8 Jan, Shift 2Q7A Carnot engine having an efficiency of is being used as a refrigerator. If the work done on the refrigerator is…
Idea: Efficiency and COP Conversion
New ideaEasySingle correct - 2 Sep, Shift 2Q8A heat engine is involved with exchange of heat of 1915 J, 40 J, 125 J and QJ, during one cycle achieving an efficiency of 50.0%.…
Idea: Heat Engine Efficiency
New ideaEasySingle correct - 3 Sep, Shift 2Q23If minimum possible work is done by a refrigerator in converting 100 grams of water at C to ice, how much heat (in calories) is…
Idea: Carnot Refrigerator COP via Temperatures
New ideaMediumNumerical value - 6 Sep, Shift 2Q22An engine operates by taking a monatomic ideal gas through the cycle shown in the figure. The percentage efficiency of the engine is close…
Idea: Non-Carnot Cycle Efficiency
New ideaMediumNumerical value · figure
Questions from the official JEE Main Paper 1 shifts published by NTA (CBSE for 2017). Questions NTA dropped are left out. Topic and idea tags, counts and notes are Lumi’s.